How to Plant Capsicum Seedlings in Kenya

Capsicum farming is a lucrative agribusiness in Kenya due to the high demand for bell peppers in local and export markets. To achieve high yields and quality produce, it is essential to follow best practices when planting capsicum seedlings.

This guide provides step-by-step instructions on how to plant capsicum seedlings in Kenya, covering soil preparation, seedling selection, transplanting, irrigation, fertilization, pest control, and harvesting.

Selecting the Right Capsicum Variety

Common Capsicum Varieties Grown in Kenya

Capsicum, also known as bell pepper or pilipili hoho, comes in different varieties. Some of the most popular capsicum varieties grown in Kenya include:

California Wonder – High-yielding and disease-resistant

Yolo Wonder – Preferred for its thick flesh and long shelf life

Hybrid Varieties (e.g., Green Bell, Red Beauty, Yellow Wonder) – Suitable for both greenhouse and open-field farming

Factors to Consider When Choosing a Variety

When selecting a capsicum variety, consider:

Climate and temperature requirements

Soil suitability and fertility levels

Market demand (local vs. export preferences)

Resistance to pests and diseases

Seedling Preparation and Nursery Management

Best Practices for Raising Capsicum Seedlings

To ensure healthy seedlings, farmers should:

Source high-quality, disease-free seeds from certified suppliers

Sow seeds in a well-prepared nursery bed or seedling trays

Use a sterile potting mix to prevent fungal infections

Water seedlings regularly to maintain moisture

Recommended Nursery Conditions

Temperature: 20-30°C

Light: Partial shade to prevent wilting

Spacing: 5 cm between seedlings to avoid overcrowding

Growth period: 4-6 weeks before transplanting

Soil Preparation and Land Preparation

Ideal Soil Conditions for Capsicum Farming

Capsicum grows best in well-drained, loamy soil rich in organic matter. The ideal pH range is 5.5-6.8.

Steps for Land Preparation

Clear the land – Remove weeds, debris, and previous crop residues.

Plow and harrow – Loosen the soil to improve aeration and root penetration.

Add organic matter – Mix compost or well-decomposed manure to enrich the soil.

Test soil fertility – Conduct a soil test to determine nutrient levels and pH balance.

Transplanting Capsicum Seedlings

Best Time to Transplant Seedlings in Kenya

Transplanting should be done in the early morning or late afternoon to prevent heat stress. The best time for transplanting capsicum seedlings in Kenya is during the long rainy season (March-May) or short rainy season (October-December).

Spacing and Planting Depth

Spacing: 40-50 cm between plants and 60-75 cm between rows.

Depth: Seedlings should be planted at the same depth as in the nursery.

Hardening Off Seedlings Before Transplanting

Gradually expose nursery seedlings to outdoor conditions by reducing water supply and increasing sun exposure for 7-10 days before transplanting.

Watering and Irrigation Methods

Recommended Irrigation Methods

Drip Irrigation – Efficient and water-saving method for commercial farmers.

Sprinkler Irrigation – Suitable for large-scale open-field capsicum farming.

Manual Watering – Best for small-scale farmers using watering cans.

Frequency and Water Requirements

Daily watering for the first 2 weeks after transplanting.

Twice per week after establishment, depending on rainfall.

Ensure soil remains moist but not waterlogged.

Fertilizer Application and Soil Nutrients

Best Fertilizers for Capsicum Farming

Organic Fertilizer: Compost or farmyard manure

Inorganic Fertilizer:

DAP (Di-Ammonium Phosphate) – Apply during transplanting.

CAN (Calcium Ammonium Nitrate) – Use at vegetative growth stage.

NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) – Apply during fruiting stage.

When and How to Apply Fertilizers

At transplanting: Apply 10 g of DAP per planting hole.

After 3-4 weeks: Apply top-dressing with CAN to boost leaf growth.

During flowering and fruiting: Apply NPK fertilizer every 2 weeks.

Pest and Disease Management

Common Pests Affecting Capsicum in Kenya

Aphids – Cause stunted growth and yellowing leaves.

Whiteflies – Spread viral diseases like tomato spotted wilt virus.

Thrips – Damage flowers and fruits.

Major Diseases and Control Measures

Bacterial Wilt – Use disease-resistant varieties and crop rotation.

Powdery Mildew – Apply sulfur-based fungicides.

Blossom End Rot – Ensure adequate calcium supply and proper irrigation.

Weed Control and Mulching

Best Weed Management Practices

Hand weeding for small farms.

Mulching to suppress weeds and retain moisture.

Herbicide application for large farms.

Recommended Mulching Materials

Dry grass or straw

Black plastic mulch

Organic compost

Capsicum Growth Stages and Crop Management

Growth Stages

Vegetative stage (1-4 weeks) – Focus on leaf and root development.

Flowering stage (5-8 weeks) – Ensure adequate pollination.

Fruiting stage (9-12 weeks) – Manage pests and apply fertilizers.

Pruning and Staking Techniques

Remove weak branches to promote airflow and reduce disease risk.

Use stakes to support plants and prevent lodging.

Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling

Signs That Capsicum Is Ready for Harvest

Fruits are firm and have reached the desired color (green, red, or yellow).

Harvesting starts 70-90 days after transplanting.

Best Harvesting Practices

Use sharp scissors or pruning shears to cut fruits without damaging the plant.

Harvest every 5-7 days to encourage continuous fruiting.

Post-Harvest Storage and Packaging

Store capsicum at 7-10°C to maintain freshness.

Pack in ventilated crates to avoid bruising during transportation.

Marketing and Selling Capsicum in Kenya

Understanding Market Demand

Capsicum has a high demand in:

Local markets (supermarkets, hotels, restaurants)

Export markets (Europe, UAE, and regional African countries)

Best Selling Strategies

Supply fresh capsicum directly to hotels, food processors, and exporters.

Sell in open-air markets or contract farming agreements.

Value Addition Opportunities

Capsicum drying and powder production

Pickled capsicum for extended shelf life

Processing into sauces and pastes

Conclusion

Capsicum farming in Kenya is a profitable venture when done correctly. By selecting the right variety, preparing the soil adequately, implementing proper irrigation, and managing pests and diseases effectively, farmers can achieve high yields and quality produce.

Implementing the above best practices on how to plant capsicum seedlings in Kenya will lead to a successful and sustainable farming business.